Politička ljevica: razlika između inačica

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Redak 5:
Termini ''[[Ljevica]]'' i ''[[Desnica]]'' nastaju tokom [[Francuska revolucija|Francuske revolucije]] ([[1789.]] – [[1799.]]), a odnosi se na raspodjelu sjedala u [[Generalni staleži|Skupštini Generalnih staleža]]. Oni koji su sjedili na lijevoj strani, republikanci, protivili su se [[monarhija|monarhiji]] i podržavali [[Francuska revolucija|revoluciju]], uključujući i formiranje [[republika|republike]], dok su na desnici podržavali tradicionalne institucije [[Stari poredak|Ancien Régimea]], tj. Starog poretka. Termin ''ljevica'' počinje biti korišten restauracijom Francuske monarhije 1815. godine.<ref>''Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions'' (1996), ed. Pierre Nora, "Right and Left" by Marcel Gauchet, p. 248.</ref>
 
Termin se koristi za mnoge pokrete, pogotovo [[republikanizam]] tokom Francuske revolucije, proljeća naroda, pa onda za [[socijalizam]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Maass|first2=Howard|last2=Zinn|title=The Case for Socialism|quote=The ''International Socialist Review'' is one of the best left-wing journals around...|page=164|publisher=Haymarket Books|edition=Revised|year=2010|isbn=978-1608460731}}</ref> koji uključuje [[anarhizam]], [[marksizam]], [[socijaldemokracija|socijaldemokraciju]] i brojne druge teorije, u 19. i 20. stoljeću.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|first2=Lucien|last2=Van der Walt|title=Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism|series=Counter-Power|volume=1|publisher=AK Press|year=2009|page=128|quote=[...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition|isbn=978-1-904859-16-1}}</ref> Od tada se ''ljevica'' koristi za širok pojas pokreta i ideja,<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean Francois|last=Revel|title=Last Exit to Utopia|quote=In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party.|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24 24]|publisher=Encounter Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1594032646|url=https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24}}</ref> uključujući [[građanska prava|pokrete za građanska prava]], [[feminizam|feminističke pokrete]], [[pacifizam|proturatne prosvjede]] i [[environmentalizam]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Eric|last=Neumayer|title=The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=51|year=2004|issue=3–4|pages=167–175|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/714/1/EE_51%283-4%29.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Barry|title=International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics|quote=All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion...|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2002|isbn=978-0415202855|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_a2h7}}</ref> i niz političkih stranaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf|title=Democratic socialism|accessdate=3 June 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902085146/http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf|archivedate=2 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/05/green-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas|title=Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics|author=Fiona Harvey|journal=The Guardian|date=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="sarnold">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=N. Scott|title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|location=Florence|isbn=978-0-495-50112-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg/page/n15 3]|quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies.}}</ref> Profesor ekonomije Barry Clark tvrdi: ''"[[ljevica|ljevičari]] smatraju da ljudski razvoj napreduje kada se individualci uključe u kooperativne, međusobno sporazumne odnose koji bujaju tek kada se pretjerane razlike u statusu, moći i bogatstvu eliminiraju."''<ref>Clark, Barry (1998) ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press {{ISBN|9780275958695}}</ref>
 
Obilježja suvremene i nove ljevice za umanjenje nepravda koje stvara ekonomski kapitalizam:
Redak 23:
Napredni pokreti obično se organiziraju na dva načina. Organiziraju se kao stranke koje žele dobiti demokratsku političku moć i djelovati kao anti-sistemska vlast, ali i kao pokreti koji se bore za nadilaženje sustava bez želje za preuzimanjem političke vlasti. Obje strategije su značajne: oni koji djeluju odozdo, i nadilaze dosadašnje društvene odnose, i oni koji u formalnom političkom prostoru mijenjaju politike odozgo.
 
Termin suvremena ljevica, nova ljevica ili demokratska ljevica koristi se i kao sinonim za različite anti-autoritarne socijalističke i neo-marksističke pokrete, organizacije i stranke, ali se pridjev "demokratski" koristi za razlikovanje &nbsp;demokratskih ljevičara od boljševizma 20. stoljeća i marksističko-lenjinističkog modela izgradnje socijalizma, koji se smatra nedemokratskim i autoritarnim, te iskrivljenjem plemenite ideje socijalne pravde.
 
Načelna obilježja suvremene i nove ljevice su: anti-autoritarnost i demokratičnost; anti-kapitalizam; anti-militarizam; sekularizam i anti-klerikalizam; internacionalizam i anti-nacionalizam.