Ingenuity: razlika između inačica

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'''Ingenuity''' ([[Hrvatski jezik|hrv.]] ''Domišljatost'', ''Dovitljivost'') je mali [[Sunčeva energija|solarni]] [[helikopter]] koji trenutno djeluje na Marsu i dio je [[NASA|NASA-ine]] misije [[Mars 2020]]. To je [[Zrakoplovstvo na Marsu|prvi zrakoplov]] na [[Mars|Marsu]] koji je 19. travnja 2021. uspješno izveo prvi kontrolirani let na [[Mars|drugoj planeti]], uzlijetajući okomito, lebdeći i slijetajući.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Palca|first=Joe|date=19 April 2021|title=Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars|work=[[National Public Radio]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hotz|first=Robert Lee|date=2021-04-19|title=NASA's Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Successfully Makes Historic First Flight|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-successfully-makes-historic-first-flight-on-mars-11618830461|access-date=2021-04-19|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> DioSa [[NASA|NASA-ine]]šest misijeuspješnih [[Mars 2020]]letova, ova [[Vrtnja|rotacijska]], suosovinska i [[bespilotna letjelica]] [[Električna letjelica|na baterije]] služi kao demonstrator [[Zrakoplovstvo|tehnologije]] i operacije za potencijalnu upotrebu budućih zrakoplova [[Popis misija na Mars|na Marsu]] i na drugim svjetovima, s potencijalom za izviđanje lokacija od interesa i kao podrška budućem planiranju ruta vožnje za [[Mars rover|marsovske rovere]].<ref name="NYT-20200623">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=23 June 2020|title=Mars Is About to Have Its "Wright Brothers Moment" – As part of its next Mars mission, NASA is sending an experimental helicopter to fly through the red planet's thin atmosphere.|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623070602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html|archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Leone heli">{{cite news|last=Leone|first=Dan|url=http://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/|title=Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover|publisher=SpaceNews|date=19 November 2015|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221200007/https://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="landing press kit" /> [[Dave Lavery]] je izvršni direktor helikoptera ''Ingenuity'', [[MiMi Aung]] je voditelj projekta, Håvard Fjær Grip je glavni pilot, a Bob Balaram glavni je inženjer. Među ostalim suradnicima su [[AeroVironment|AeroVironment Inc.]],<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401121747/https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf|date=1 April 2019}} J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) SciTech Forum Conference 8–12 January 2018 Kissimmee, Florida {{doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> [[Istraživački centar Ames|NASA-in istraživački centar Ames]]<ref>[http://kiss.caltech.edu/lectures/Aung_Lecture_2015.html MiMi Aung – Autonomous Systems Deputy Division Manager] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605180541/http://kiss.caltech.edu/lectures/Aung_Lecture_2015.html|date=5 June 2018}} NASA/JPL {{PD-notice}}</ref> i [[Istraživački centar Langley|NASA-in istraživački centar Langley]].<ref name="Witold 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170950/https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf|date=1 January 2020}}, Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan; NASA 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
 
''Ingenuity'', sada na površini Marsa, bio je pričvršćen na donju stranu rovera ''Perseverance''. Rover se odvojio od sletača [[3. travnja]] 2021.,<ref name="Today">{{cite news|title=Mars Rover Perseverance Set To Launch Drone|newspaper=[[Today (American TV program)]]|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 March 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ceFiynmNB0&ab_channel=TODAY|access-date=2021-03-27}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210323">{{cite news|last=hang|first=Kenneth|title=Get Ready for the First Flight of NASA’s Mars Helicopter - The experimental vehicle named Ingenuity traveled to the red planet with the Perseverance rover, which is also preparing for its main science mission.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html|date=23 March 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20210323">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Alana|last2=Hautaluoma|first2=Grey|last3=Agle|first3=DC|title=NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-prepares-for-first-flight|date=23 March 2021|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> otprilike 60 dana nakon slijetanja ''Perseverance''-a na mjestu slijetanja Octavia E. Butler u [[Jezero (krater)|krateru Jezero]]. Prvo polijetanje je izvedeno 19. travnja 2021. u 08:30 (CET). Rezultati su uspješno potvrđeni u 12:15 popodne (CET), a prva slika helikoptera iznad površine snimljena je od ''[[Perseverance]]'' i samog ''Ingenuity''-a.<ref name="Ginny-flight">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1KolyCqICI|title=First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control|publisher=NASA|via=YouTube|date=19 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MH-status-2902">{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/290/work-progresses-toward-ingenuity-s-first-flight-on-mars/|title=Work Progresses Toward Ingenuity's First Flight on Mars|date=12 April 2021|website=NASA Mars Helicopter Tech Demo|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref name="Ingenuity passes full speed test">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1383221042504638464|title=Mars Helicopter completed full-speed spin test|date=17 April 2021|website=Twitter|publisher=NASA|access-date=17 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tech_Demo">{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Watch-Online|title=Mars Helicopter Tech Demo|date=April 18, 2021|work=Watch Online|publisher=[[NASA]]|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref><ref name="MarsDaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Mars_Ingenuity_flight_scheduled_for_Monday_NASA_says_999.html|title=Mars Ingenuity flight scheduled for Monday, NASA says|last=Mccurdy|first=Christen|date=Apr 17, 2021|work=Mars Daily|publisher=[[ScienceDaily]]|accessdate=2021-04-1806}}</ref>
Redak 83:
 
Dana 7. svibnja 2021. (prije petog leta) [[NASA]] je potvrdila da je ''[[Perseverance]]'' uspio snimiti i zvuk i video s četvrtog leta ''Ingenuity''-a koji je bio 30. travnja 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8941/nasas-perseverance-captures-video-audio-of-fourth-ingenuity-flight/|title=NASA's Perseverance Captures Video, Audio of Fourth Ingenuity Flight|publisher=NASA|date=May 7, 2021|accessdate=May 7, 2021}}</ref> Petim letom koji je uspješno izveden istog dana, ''Ingenuity'' je letio 10 metara iznad, te je snimio nekoliko slika mjesta svog slijetanja visoke razlučivosti u boji i sletio na novo mjesto. Time je završio svoju fazu demonstracije tehnologije.<ref name="IngenuityDailyNews07052021">{{cite news|last1=Griffith|first1=Keith|title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars helicopter completes FIFTH flight reaching record 33-foot altitude and traveling to new 'airfield' 423 feet away|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9556193/NASAs-Ingenuity-Mars-helicopter-completes-FIFTH-flight-reaching-record-33-foot-altitude.html|access-date=7 May 2021|agency=Daily News|publisher=Daily News}}</ref>
 
==== Operativna demonstracija ====
Visoko-uspješni šesti let ''Ingenuity''-a dogodio se 22. svibnja, s trajanjem oko 140 sekundi. ''Ingenuity'' se popeo na visinu od 10 m i prešao 150 m jugozapadno. Pred kraj tog putovanja, helikopter je doživio kvar u sustavu navigacijske kamere, zbog čega su sve sljedeće slike bile označene pogrešnim vremenskim oznakama. To je uzrokovalo nagib prema naprijed i unatrag do 20 stupnjeva i velike skokove u potrošnji energije. ''Ingenuity'' je nastavio letjeti i putovao je oko 15 m na jug. Nakon toga putovao je oko 50 m sjeveroistočno i sletio oko 5 m od planiranog mjesta slijetanja. Ovo je bio prvi let kada je ''Ingenuity'' doživio anomaliju leta.<ref name="flight6" />
 
== Popis letova ==
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|-
|<blockquote>6.</blockquote>
|<div style="text-align: center;">22. svibnja 2021.
|<blockquote>26. svibnja 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Plans Underway for Ingenuity's Sixth Flight|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/302/plans-underway-for-ingenuitys-sixth-flight|access-date=2021-05-20|website=NASA’s Mars Exploration Program|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>
6:20<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strickland|first1=Ashley|date=May 28, 2021|title=Mars helicopter survives to tell the tale of stressful flight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/world/mars-helicopter-flight-anomaly-scn/index.html|access-date=29 May 2021|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="flight6">{{Cite web|last=Grip|first=Håvard|date=27 May 2021|title=Surviving an In-Flight Anomaly: What Happened on Ingenuity’s Sixth Flight|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/305/surviving-an-in-flight-anomaly-what-happened-on-ingenuitys-sixth-flight/|access-date=27 May 2021|website=NASA's Mars Exploration Program}}</ref>
</div>
|<blockquote>140</blockquote>
|<blockquote>10</blockquote>
|<blockquote>215-</blockquote>
|Okomito uzlijetanje, pomak prema jugozapadu za oko 150 m, pomak prema jugu, za oko 15-20 m, let do oko 50 m prema sjeveroistoku, slijetanje na to mjesto (planirano)
 
220</blockquote>
|Okomito uzlijetanje, pomak prema jugozapadu za oko 150 m, pomak prema jugu, za oko 15-20 m, let do oko 50 m prema sjeveroistoku, slijetanje na to mjesto (planirano)
|
* ZapočetZapočeta ćenova novu fazufaza demonstracije rada nakon faze demonstracije tehnologije.
* Prikupljanje stereo snimke u boji mjesta od interesa kako bistebi se demonstriralidemonstrirala vrijednost zračne perspektive za buduće misije.
*Dostignuta Postićinajviša ćebrzina najvišu brzinu letaterena od 4 m / s.
* Prvi let kojimu ćekojem je helikopter sletjetisletio na uzletište koje nijetijekom pregledaoprethodne izmisije zrakanije tijekomsnimio prethodneiz misijezraka. Slijetanje na novo mjesto
*Prva anomalija u letu, koja je dovela do slijetanja rotorcrafta na 5 m od uzletišta C.
|'''PlaniranoUspjeh'''
(sa anomalijom)<ref name="flight6" />
|-
|<blockquote>Ostali letovi</blockquote>
Line 198 ⟶ 203:
|
|
* Nastavlja fazu operativne demonstracije
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|}
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=== Testovi za let ===
{{multiple image|header=Mjesta za testiranje leta|align=center|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|total_width=10001100|image1=PIA24435-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-VanZylOverlook-20210323.jpg|caption1=Zona leta i mjesta rovera na polju braće Wright|image2=PIA24494-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneMap-20210323.jpg|caption2=Karta polja braće Wright|image3=PIA24495-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-RoverFlightZoneView-20210323.jpg|caption3=Polje braće Wright sa rovera|image4=PIA24496-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneActivities-20210323.jpg|caption4=Aktivnosti na polju braće Wright|image5=Perseverance rover track and Ingenuity Helicopter Flight Zone.jpg|caption5=''Perseverance'' i zona leta helikoptera ''Ingenuity'' nakon što je rover stigao do Van Zyl Previda (sada nazvano polje braće Wright)|image6=HiRISE's View of Ingenuity's Fourth Flight Path Paving the Way for it to move to second Airfeild.jpg|caption6=Drugi heliodrom|image7=Ingenuity Helicopter And Perseverance Flight Path till Sol 91.jpg|caption7=Put leta ''Ingenuity''-a i put ''Perseverance''-a do 91. sola koji pokazuje važna mjesta}}
 
=== Letačke operacijeLetovi na Marsu ===
{{multiple image|header=Prvi let|align=center|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|total_width=800|image1=Ingenuity Helicopter's 1st Flight.gif|caption1=Prvi let helikoptera Ingenuity snimljen od MastCam-Z na Perseverance Roveru|image2=Ingenuity Helicopter after 1st flight.png|caption2=Helikopter ''Ingenuity'' siguran nakon 1. leta|image3=Ingenuity captured by NavCams while it was hovering for 30 seconds in 1st flight.gif |caption3=''Ingenuity'' koju je NavCams uhvatila tijekom 30 sekundi prvog leta |width3=200 |image4=Ingenuity pre and post position after 1st flight captured by NavCams.gif |caption4=''Ingenuity'' prije i nakon prvog leta snimljenog NavCams-om}}
{{multiple image|header=Drugi let|align=center|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|image1=Ingenuity's Second Flight As Seen by Perseverance.png|caption1=Drugi let ''Ingenuitya'' snimljen kamerom Mastcam-Z|width1=200}}
{{multiple image|header=Treći let|align=center|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|image1=1-PIA24624-MarsPerseveranceRoverViewsIngenuityHelicopter-ThirdFlight-20210425.png |caption1=''Ingenuity''-ev treći let kako ga vidi ''Perseverance'' |width1=160 |image2=Perseverance's NavCams Views Ingenuity During its Third Flight.jpg|caption2=''Ingenuity'' nakon trećeg leta |width2=168|footer=}}
{{multiple image|header=Četvrti let|align=center|caption_align=center|direction=horizontal|width=|image1=PIA24642-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-FourthTestFlight-20210430.png|caption1=Kamere Perseverance-a vide četvrti let ''Ingenuity''-a|image2=Mars Perseverance ZL0 0069 0673066054 500ECV N0032208ZCAM05053 026050J-web1.jpg|caption2=Mastcam-Z snimio je četvrti let ''Ingenuity''-a|footer=|width1=300225|width2=400300}}{{Multiple image|align=center|direction=horizontal|width=|header=Peti let|image1=Mastcam-Z Views Ingenuity After Fifth Flight 01.jpg|caption1=Ingenuity-ev peti let|image2=Ingenuity's Successful Fifth Flight To Airfield B.jpg|caption2=Ingenuity-ev uspješan let do uzletišta B.|width1=300225|width2=400300|image3=PIA24649-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-FifthFlightLanding-20210507.gif|caption3=Ingenuity-evo slijetanje na polje B (7. svibnja 2021.)|width3=400325}}{{Multiple image|header=Šesti let|direction=horizontal|align=center|image1=Ingenuity after 6th flight.png|caption1=Ingenuity dan nakon šestog leta|width=300}}{{multiple image|header= |align=center |caption_align=center |direction=horizontal |width=200|image1=Ingenuity Helicopter 1st Flight Altimeter Data.png |caption1=Graf visinomjera Ingenuitya sa prvog leta. |width1=316 |image2=Aircraft certification of Ingenuity to fly on mars.jpg |caption2=Odobrenje zrakoplova ''Ingenuity'' za let na Marsu. |width2=323 |image3=PIA24591-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-FirstLogbookEntry-HåvardGrip-20210419.jpg |caption3=Glavni pilot Håvard Grip, unosi podatke leta o ''Ingenuity''-u u dnevnik |width3=150 |image4=PIA24440-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Logbook-20210419.jpg |caption4=Nominalni pilotov dnevnik za planete i mjesece |width4=150 |footer= |image5=Ingenuity Helicopter 2nd Flight Test Observation Datas.gif|width5=250|caption5=Podaci o drugom letu (22. travnja 2021.)|perrow=5}}
 
=== Slike od ''Ingenuity''-a ===
{{multiple image|header=Prije leta {{efn|name=Imaging|Sve slike koje je snimila ''Ingenuity'' snimljene su s crno-bijele navigacijske kamere okrenute prema dolje ili terenske kamere okrenute prema horizontu.}}|width=|align=center|direction=horizontal|perrow=4|image1=Ingenuity helicopter first colour image.jpg|caption1=Prva slika "Ingenuity-a", prva slika u boji nakon raspoređivanja 4. travnja 2021.{{efn|name=Legs|Noge „Ingenuity“-a s obje strane slike zajedno s kotačićima u gornjim uglovima}}|width1=243250|footer=|image2=Ingenuity on sol 45.png|caption2=Slika na 45. solu|width2=250}}
{{multiple image|header=Prvi let (19.4.2021.)|width=|align=center|direction=horizontal|perrow=4|image1=Ingenuity Helicopter's Shadow On 1st flight.jpg|caption1=Prva crno-bijela slika iz zraka pri prvom letu koja pokazuje helikopterovu sjenu|width1=250|image2=Ingenuity helicopter image just before landing after it's first flight.jpg|caption2 = Slika snimljena trenutak prije slijetanja. U gornjem dijelu slike se vide dijelovi zrakomlatovih nogu.| width2 = 250|footer=}}
{{multiple image|header=Drugi let (22.4.2021.)|width=|align=center|direction=horizontal|perrow=4|image1=PIA24592 In-Flight Image From Ingenuity's Second Flight.jpg|caption1=Slika iz zraka tijekom drugog leta helikoptera ''Ingenuity''|width1=275|image2=1st aerial image on mars taken by Ingenuity.jpg|caption2=Prva zračna slika Marsa u boji iz ''Ingenuity''-a|width2=275|image3=Second Color Image Taken by Ingenuity.jpg|caption3=Druga slika u boji koju je snimio ''Ingenuity'' tijekom svog drugog leta s visine od oko 5,2 m|width3=275|image4=The Third Color Image Taken by Ingenuity.jpg|caption4=Treća slika u boji koju je helikopter Ingenuity snimio u svom drugom letu s visine od oko 5,2 m|width4=275|footer=}}
{{multiple image|header=Treći let (25.4.2021.)|width=|align=center|direction=horizontal|perrow=4|image1=Black and White Image From Ingenuity's Third Flight.jpg|caption1=Crno-bijela fotografija tijekom trećeg leta|width1=300|image2=Ingenuity's Third Flight photo in color with Perseverance rover visible.png|caption2=Zračna slika trećeg leta u boji. U gornjem lijevom kutu vidi se rover ''Perseverance''.|width2=300|image3=Zoomed in, Perseverance rover from Ingenuity during it's third flight.png|caption3=Uvećana slika rovera ''Perseverance'' iz ''Ingenuity''-a. To je prva zračna fotografija marsovskog rovera.{{efn|name=Rover|Ova slika je uvećana na gornji lijevi kut za razliku od izvorne zračne slike tokom trećeg leta.}}|width3=315|image4=PIA24644-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-ThirdTestFlight-Animated-20210425.gif|caption4=Sjena helikoptera ''Ingenuity'' tijekom trećeg probnog leta (25. travnja 2021.)|width4=222|footer=}}{{Multiple image|header=Četvrti let (30.4.2021.)|align=center|caption1=''Ingenuity'' pomjera svoja rotorna krila tijekom četvrtog leta.|image1=Black-and-White View of Ingenuity's Fourth Flight.gif|image2=Ingenuity's Color Camera Spies Helicopter's New Airfield.png|width1=300150|width2=540270|direction=horizontal|caption2=''Ingenuity''-eva kamera u boji špijunira uzletište B.}}{{Multiple image|header=Peti let (7. svibnja 2021.)|align=center|direction=horizontal|image1=PIA24650-MarsIngenuityHelicopterView-FifthFlight-20210507.jpg|caption1=Slika iz petog leta|width1=600300}}
{{Multiple image|header=Šesti let (22.5.2021.)|align=center|direction=horizontal|image1=Ingenuity During Anomaly Survivor Sixth flight.png|caption1=''Ingenuity'' tijekom anomalije u šestom letu|image2=Ingenuity sixth flight picture.png|caption2=Marsov reljef snimljen iz Ingenuity-a|width1=300|width2=300|image3=Ingenuity flight six navcam imagery showing last 29 seconds in flight along with navigation anomaly.gif|width3=300|caption3=Posljednjih 29 sekundi leta snimljeno zajedno sa anomalijom}}
 
=== Slijed raspoređivanja ===
Line 250 ⟶ 257:
{{multiple image|align=center|caption_align=center|total_width=300|header=Autoportret|image1=Mars 2020 selfie containing both perseverance rover and ingenuity.gif|caption1=Mjesto raspoređivanja, ''Polje braće Wright'' <br />(7. travnja 2021.)}}
 
=== TrivijalnostOstavština ===
{{multiple image|||align=center|caption_align=center|total_width=|image9=Mars Helicopter INGENUITIY Modell im Maßstab 1 zu 1 im Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg.jpg|caption9=Marsov helikopter ''Ingenuity'' - Model u mjerilu 1 : 1 u Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg (Muzej helikoptera u Bückeburgu)|width1=300}}
 
== Bilješke ==
Line 257 ⟶ 264:
== Vidi još ==
 
* [[Dragonfly (svemirska letjelica)|Dragonfly]] - Prvi zrakoplov planiran na površini mjeseca [[Titan (mjesec)|Titana]]. Planirano lansiranje 2027.
* [[Program Vega]] - Sovjetski program u kome je izvršen prvi let [[Vega 1|balona]] na [[Venera|drugom planetu]].
* [[Marsova atmosfera]]