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Pirot: razlika između inačica

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'''Pirot''' je općina u jugoistočnoj [[Srbija|Srbiji]], u blizini granice s [[Bugarska|Bugarskom]].
 
{{Infobox Serbia municipality
== Vanjske poveznice ==
|image_skyline = Pirot pan.jpg
* [http://www.pirot.rs/latin/ Službene stranice grada Pirota]
|image_caption = Panoramic view on Pirot
|native_name = Пирот
|official_name = Pirot
|image_shield = Emblem of Pirot.png
|district = Pirot
|image_map = Pirotloc.png
|mayor = Vladan Vasić
|area_km2 = 1232
|population_total = 38432
|mpop = 57911
|latd = 43
|latm = 10
|longd = 22
|longm = 36
|code = 10
|settlements = 72
|postal_code = 18300
|plates = PI
|website = www.pirot.rs
}}
 
'''Pirot''' ({{lang-sr-cyr|Пирот}}) is a town and [[Municipalities of Serbia|municipality]] located in south-eastern [[Serbia]]. According to 2011 census, the town has a total population of 38,432, while the population of the municipality is 57,911. The town is the administrative center of the [[Pirot District]].
{{Srpski gradovi i općine|Općine u središnjoj Srbiji}}
 
{{Mrva-grad-srbija}}
The municipality has rich geographical features, including the mountains of [[Stara Planina]], [[Vlaška Planina]], [[Belava]], [[Suva Planina]], and rivers which flow through the town, including [[Nišava]], Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica and the Visočica, and four lakes, the Zavoj Lake, Berovacko Lake, Krupac Lake; Sukovo Lake etc...
[[Kategorija:Općine u Srbiji]]
 
The town has a rich culture. Near the town are preserved examples of medieval Bulgarian architecture - notable Orthodox church "St. Petka" (13th century) and the monastery of St. Georges ans St. John the Theologian from the late 14th century. Pirot is known for its traditional woven carpet, the [[Pirot Kilim]] (Pirotski ćilim).<ref>http://www.rastko.rs/isk/mfruht-applied_art.html</ref>
 
==Administration==
The municipality has over 70 settlements, among Pirot itself. In 2011, the municipality has 57,911 inhabitants: 93.8% Serbs, 3.0% Roma and 0.8% Bulgarians.
 
[[Bazovik]]&nbsp;•
[[Barje Čiflik]]&nbsp;•
[[Basara]]&nbsp;•
[[Bela (Pirot)|Bela]]&nbsp;•
[[Berilovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Berovica]]&nbsp;•
[[Blato (Pirot)|Blato]]&nbsp;•
[[Brlog]]&nbsp;•
[[Velika Lukanja]]&nbsp;•
[[Veliki Jovanovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Veliki Suvodol]]&nbsp;•
[[Veliko Selo (Pirot)|Veliko Selo]]&nbsp;•
[[Visočka Ržana]]&nbsp;•
[[Vlasi (Pirot)|Vlasi]]&nbsp;•
[[Vojnegovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Vranište]]&nbsp;•
[[Gnjilan]]&nbsp;•
[[Gornja Držina]]&nbsp;•
[[Gostuša]]&nbsp;•
[[Gradašnica (Pirot)|Gradašnica]]&nbsp;•
[[Gradište (Pirot)|Gradište]]&nbsp;•
[[Dobri Do (Pirot)|Dobri Do]]&nbsp;•
[[Dojkinci]]&nbsp;•
[[Držina]]&nbsp;•
[[Zaskovci]]&nbsp;•
[[Izvor (Pirot)|Izvor]]&nbsp;•
[[Jalbotina]]&nbsp;•
[[Jelovica]]&nbsp;•
[[Kamik]]&nbsp;•
[[Koprivštica]]&nbsp;•
[[Kostur (Pirot)|Kostur]]&nbsp;•
[[Krupac (Pirot)|Krupac]]&nbsp;•
[[Kumanovo (Pirot)|Kumanovo]]&nbsp;•
[[Mali Jovanovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Mali Suvodol]]&nbsp;•
[[Milojkovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Mirkovci]]&nbsp;•
[[Nišor]]&nbsp;•
[[Novi Zavoj]]&nbsp;•
[[Obrenovac (Pirot)|Obrenovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Oreovica (Pirot)|Oreovica]]&nbsp;•
[[Orlja]]&nbsp;•
[[Osmakova]]&nbsp;•
[[Pakleštica]]&nbsp;•
[[Pasjač]]&nbsp;•
[[Petrovac (Pirot)|Petrovac]]&nbsp;•
'''Pirot'''&nbsp;•
[[Planinica (Pirot)|Planinica]]&nbsp;•
[[Pokrevenik]]&nbsp;•
[[Poljska Ržana]]&nbsp;•
[[Ponor (Pirot)|Ponor]]&nbsp;•
[[Prisjan]]&nbsp;•
[[Ragodeš]]&nbsp;•
[[Rasnica]]&nbsp;•
[[Rosomač]]&nbsp;•
[[Rsovci]]&nbsp;•
[[Rudinje]]&nbsp;•
[[Sinja Glava]]&nbsp;•
[[Slavinja]]&nbsp;•
[[Sopot (Pirot)|Sopot]]&nbsp;•
[[Srećkovac]]&nbsp;•
[[Staničenje]]&nbsp;•
[[Sukovo]]&nbsp;•
[[Temska]]&nbsp;•
[[Topli Do (Pirot)|Topli Do]]&nbsp;•
[[Trnjana]]&nbsp;•
[[Cerev Del]]&nbsp;•
[[Cerova (Pirot)|Cerova]]&nbsp;•
[[Crvenčevo]]&nbsp;•
[[Crnoklište]]&nbsp;•
[[Činiglavci]]&nbsp;•
[[Šugrin]]
 
==Geography==
The municipality, which covers an area of {{convert|1235|km²|2|abbr=on}}, has several mountains in the vicinity: [[Stara Planina]], [[Vlaška Planina]], [[Belava]], [[Suva Planina]], etc.
The following rivers flow through Pirot: the [[Nišava]], Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica and the Visočica. Pirot also has four lakes: Zavoj Lake, Berovacko Lake, Krupac Lake and Sukov Lake.
 
==History==
===Prehistoric and Roman times===
Thracians ruled the region prior to the Roman conquest and Romanization of Serbia in the 1st century BC. '''Turres''', the first settlement in the vicinity, date to the 2nd century AD.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Jw49AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA829 p. 829]</ref> At the [[Maglić monastery]] of village [[Blato]], an 2nd century AD stone depiction of the [[Thracian horseman]] was found in September 2008.<ref>http://www.pressonline.rs/page/stories/sr.html?id=46190&sectionId=56&view=story</ref> An inscription dating to 211 AD, mentions the [[Thracian]] cult of ''Sebazianos'' ([[Sabazios]]), the theophoric name corresponds with the variations seen in [[Pautalia]]. The inscription was dedicated by a horion (cult society), headed by a leader (high priest), these were not Roman citizens.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=NtQUAAAAIAAJ Eastern cults in Moesia Inferior and Thracia (5th century BC-4th century AD)]{{page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> The first written account describing Turres was the 4th century [[ancient Rome|Roman]] itinerary knowns as [[Tabula Peutingeriana]]. Its name was Latin for "towers". Firstly, it was set to enable control and defence of the main road in this part of the empire. Besides, travellers could sleep here over night, as well as get refreshments and new horses or vehicles. In time, the settling advanced because of the important road passing through. It was also disturbed very persistently by invasions of the Gothic tribes throughout the 4th century, as well as the Huns in the 5th century.
 
===Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule===
According to the written accounts ''On the Constructions'' by [[Procopius of Caesarea]], writing during the reigning of the emperor [[Justinian I]] (527 – 565), the reigning emperor ordered reconstruction of thirty fortresses in the area from [[Niš]] to [[Sofia]], including the towers of Pirot. He also gave the detailed description of those construction works. In times when the Slavs and Avars were invading the Balkans, the settlement was named '''Quimedava''', and was situated on the southern slope of the Sarlah Hill.
 
Corresponding to the archaeological investigations, the town back then, surrounded by forts and fortified walls, also included an early Christian basilica, termas (public bathrooms), a necropolis (graveyard), and other facilities. Beside the military fortress, a civil settlement existed on the site called [[Majilka]]. Although Byzantium successfully defended itself from the barbaric tribes’ raids, the Balkans were teeming with the Slavs in the second half of the 6th century and at the beginning of the 7th century. The Slavs soon became a crucial ethnical element on the peninsula.
 
The [[Slav]] subgroup of ''[[Sclaveni]]'' (eponymous) started raiding Byzantine towns in the 520s and are mentioned as having attacked [[Thrace]] in 549. In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into [[Thrace]] and [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], pillaging cities and settling down.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC ]{{page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>
 
===High and Late Middle Ages===
[[File:Pirot Fortress.jpg|thumb|Pirot Fortress from 3th century, renovated in 14th century by Duke Momcilo.]]
[[File:Archbishopric_of_Ohrid.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Archbishopric of Ohrid circa 1020.]]
 
 
In the 9th century, the area was incorporated into the [[First Bulgarian Empire ]] and shares its fate until the fall under the Byzantine (1018-1185) and Ottoman rule (1396-1878).
 
In the late 10th century, [[Samuel of Bulgaria]] ([[First Bulgarian Empire ]]) conquered the Serb principality of [[Duklja]] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic [[battle of Kleidion]], and Bulgaria was fully subjugated by Basil II four years later, ending the five decades-long [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]].
 
In the early 11th century it becomes part of the [[Theme of Sirmium]], a main administrative unit of the [[Byzantine Empire]], formed by Emperor [[Basil II]] (r. 976–1025). He also forms the [[Constantinopolitan Archbishopric of Ochrid|Archbishopric of Ochrid]], an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]] (1018). The '''Archbishopric of Ohrid''', also known as the '''Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid'''<ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=P-1m1FLtrvsC&pg=PA269&dq=archbishopric+of+bulgaria+ohrid&hl=bg#v=snippet&q=archbishopric%20bulgaria%20ohrid&f=false Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN 3034301960, p. 55.]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA16&dq=Bulgarian++Archbishopric+of+Ohrid&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=Bulgarian%20%20Archbishopric%20of%20Ohrid&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans: Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, John V. A. (John Van Antwerp) Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 0472082604, p. 16.]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=EbSRFq3HfVgC&pg=PA159&dq=Bulgarian++Archbishopric+of+Ohrid&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=Bulgarian%20%20Archbishopric%20of%20Ohrid&f=false Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081-1261, Michael Angold, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0521269865, p. 158.]</ref> was an autonomous [[Orthodox Church]] under the tutelage of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] between 1019 and 1767. It was established following the [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria|Byzantine conquest]] of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in 1018 by lowering the rank of the autocephalous [[Bulgarian Patriarchate]] due to its subjugation to Constantinople. The region was then part of the [[Eparchy of Niš|Archbishopric of Niš]].
 
In 1182-1183, the joint Serb-Hungarian army took control of Pirot area, [[Stefan Nemanja]], together with [[Frederick Barbarossa]] passed through Pirot.
 
In 1214-1216 Serbian Grand Prince (later ''King'') [[Stefan Nemanjić]] with the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] in 1217, made Pirot's region as ecclesiastically part of the Serbian church.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
[[Dušan the Mighty]] becomes the first [[Emperor of Serbia]] in 1346, and the town is part of this realm until the death of the second Emperor, [[Uroš the Weak]], his son, in 1371.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} It is then part of [[Moravian Serbia]], under [[Tsar Lazar]], and the [[Serbian Despotate]] under [[Stefan Lazarević]], his son.
 
In the 14th century, Bulgarian brigand and local ruler [[Momchil]] give the [[Pirot Fortress, originaly dated from 3th century]] (''Momchilov Grad'', ''Momcilo's town'') definitelly style. From the 14th century and today is preserved fortress "''Momchilov Grad''", a medieval castle with a very similar architecture to the [[Baba Vida]] fortress.
{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
 
After the fall of Kingdom of Turnovo ([[Second Bulgarian Empire]]), briefly noted Serbian penetration in this part of [[Pomoravlje (region)]].
 
By 1411-12, Ottoman Musa had conquered Pirot and its surroundings from [[Stefan Lazarević]] (r. 1389-1427).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA677 p. 677]</ref>
 
There is disagreement between Serbian and Bulgarian sources whether area belonged to Serbian or Bulgarian states in the 14th century period. According to Serbian sources, in the 14th and 15th century, Pirot belonged to the several Serbian states - the Serbian Empire of [[Stefan Dušan]], Moravian Serbia of Lazar Hrebeljanović, and Serbian Despotate of [[Stefan Lazarević]], while according to Bulgarian historian Koledarov, the town was under Bulgarian rule in the 13th and 14th century and belonged to the Bulgarian state almost to the end of [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]. Still more, the Serbian archaeological excavations haven't found evidences for mass Serbian presence from 13th-15th century in the region, for example typical Serbian pottery from 14th-15th century. The town was later conquered by the Ottoman Empire. It was conquered by the Ottoman army the first time in 1386, but later the possession of this region was changed several times between Serbian and Ottoman rulers. It was finally conquered by [[Ottomans]] in the 15th century and remained under Ottoman rule until the 19th century (December 1877). It was known as '''Şehirköy''' during Ottoman rule.
 
===Ottoman rule===
It was administratively part of to the [[Sanjak of Niš]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Godišnjak grada Beograda|year=1977|publisher=Museum of the Belgrade|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OE_jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%22&dq=%22%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%22&hl=en&ei=6MgaTq6QF8_2sgbnv_S4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADgK|accessdate=11 July 2011|page=116}}</ref> On April 7, 1831, it was the site of a battle in the [[Bosnian uprising]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}. The [[Pirot Uprising]] was suppressed by the Ottomans in 1836. The [[Niš Uprising]] (or "Miloje and Srndak's Uprising", {{lang-sr|[[w:sr:Милојева и Срндакова буна|Милојева и Срндакова буна]]}}) in 1841, was also suppressed by the Ottomans. It was administratively part of the [[Niš Eyalet]] 1846–1864. It was administratively part of the [[Danube Vilayet]] 1864–1878.
 
 
In 1862 was founded the First Bulgarian Agricultural Fund.<ref name="БДИ">{{cite book | year = 1987 | title = Българските държавни институции 1879-1986 | publisher = ДИ „Д-р Петър Берон“ | location = София | pages = 27}}</ref>
 
===Modern history (after 1876)===
[[File:Appeal-from-Pirot-citizens-to-Dondukov-Korsakov-27may1878.jpg| thumb| Appeal (27 May 1878) of the Bulgarians from Pirot to Dondukow-Korsakov for the annexation of the city of Bulgaria]]
{{main|Principality of Serbia}}
 
 
During the Renaissance it was a center of religious, educational Bulgarian struggle. With the establishment of the [[Bulgarian Exarchate]] was the center of the Nishava diocese, which includes Tran and Pirot Municipality. [[Felix Kanitz]], who visited the city in the early 70's of the nineteenth century, wrote about people of Pirot:
 
''“Then did not know that six years later would come to an end frequent cursing Turkish rule, and even less as always felt Bulgarians that will belong to the Principality of Serbia”''.<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/40662964/F-Kanic-Srbija-Zemlja-i-Stanovnistvo Каниц, Феликс. Србија. Земља и становништво. Од римског доба до краја XIX века, Друга књига, Београд 1986, с. 215.]</ref>
 
 
In the [[Serbian-Ottoman War]] (1876–1877), Russian Commander-In-Chief of the Serbian army [[Mikhail Chernyayev]] failed to liberate [[Bela Palanka]] and Pirot.<ref>Kanitz 1985, pp. 127-131: "Черњајев није освојио Белу Паланку и Пирот у рату 1876. Ове вароши ослобо- диће српска војска тек у другом ..."</ref>
 
 
During the [[Russo-Turkish War]] (April 24, 1877 – March 3, 1878), the Serbian army occupied Pirot. With the [[Treaty of San Stefano]] (1878), Pirot was annexed to Bulgaria. Although the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano, according to which Pirot is incorporated into the Bulgarian principality Serb troops remain in the city, which led to conflict with local Bulgarians, led by Bishop Eustathius Pelagonian. With the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]], it was annexed to Serbia.<ref name=Rastko-Demographic-Serbia-Pirot>http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/sradovanovic-demography.html</ref> A significant part of the population emigrated to the neighboring town [[Tzaribrod]], remained in Bulgaria. The 1879 Serbian regional population census registered that Pirot had a population of 76,892 people, and 11,005 households.<ref name=Rastko-Demographic-Serbia-Pirot/>.
 
==Culture==
Notable brands of Pirot include the [[Pirot carpet]], [[Pirot opanak]], [[Pirot cheese]], and [[ironed sausage]].
 
==Tourism==
*[[Pirot Fortress]], dating to the 14th century [[Bulgarian Empire]]
*[[Temska Monastery]], 16th-century Orthodox monastery
*[[Zavoj lake]]
*[[National Park Old Mountain]]
*[[Mountain home]]
 
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Pirot Fortress - 3.jpg|Southeastern walls of [[Pirot Fortress]].
File:Spomenik poginulima u Drugom srpsko-turskom ratu.jpg|Monument to Captain Milutin Karanović and others died in Serbo-Turkish War on 1877.
File:1900 Pirot.jpg|Post card from Pirot on 1900.
File:Pirot Town Hall.jpg|The District Hall.
File:Pirot central area.jpg|The central pedestrian area in the town.
File:Pirot Courthouse.jpg|The courthouse in Pirot.
File:Pirot Employment Service building.jpg|The National Employment Service building in Pirot.
File:NisavaPirot.JPG|[[Nišava River]] in Pirot.
File:Church of the Nativity of Christ - Pirot.jpg|Church of the Nativity of Christ.
File:Fontana u Pirotu.jpg|[[Fountain]] in town.
</gallery>
 
==People==
{{further|:Category:People from Pirot}}
Born in Pirot:
 
* {{BGR}} [[Kiril Zhivkovich]], Bulgarian<ref>Василев, В.П. Темският ръкопис – български езиков паметник от 1764 г, Paleobulgarica, IX (1986), кн. 1, с. 49-72</ref> writer, author of the first known literary document written in Torlakian,<ref>Българскиият език през 20-ти век. Василка Радева, Издател Pensoft Publishers, 2001, ISBN 954-642-113-8, стр. 280-281.</ref> the [[Manuscript from Temska Monastery]] (1762)
* {{BGR}} [[Bozhidar Zdravkov]] (1884 - 1959), Bulgarian lawyer and politician, mayor of Plovdiv
* {{BGR}} [[Georgi Penev]], Macedonian-Adrianople volunteer, 2 company at 9 [[Velesh]] outfit<ref>„Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912-1913 г. Личен състав“, Главно управление на архивите, 2006, стр. 544 - 545.</ref>
* {{BGR}} [[Ivan Stefanovich Dimitrov]], Macedonian-Adrianople volunteer, 1 company at 2 [[Skopie]] outfit<ref>„Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912-1913 г. Личен състав“, Главно управление на архивите, 2006, стр. 219.</ref>
* {{BGR}} [[Krastyo Krastev]] (1866 - 1919), prominent Bulgarian literary critic and writer
* {{BGR}} [[Mihail Krastev]] (1877 - 1956), Bulgarian artist
* {{BGR}} [[Nikola Manov]], Bulgarian lawyer and public figure
* {{BGR}} [[Petar Zabov]], Bulgarian lawyer and public figure
* {{SRB}} {{BGR}} [[Slobodan Sotirov]] (1926 - ), artist
* {{BGR}} [[Spas Vazov]] (1856 - 1928), Bulgarian climatologist and meteorologist
* {{BGR}} [[Spas Trichkov]] (1855 - 1934), Bulgarian economist
 
Others:
* {{BGR}} [[Parteniy Zografski]] (1818-1876), Metropolitan of Nishava 1867-1874
* {{BGR}} [[Eustathius Pelagonian]] (1832-1885),Bulgarian ecclesiastic and Metropolitan of Nishava (1874-1878)
* {{SRB}} [[Radoe Domanovich]] (1873-1908), Serbian writer-satirist, teacher in 1895
* {{SRB}} [[Stefan Srematz]] (1855-1906), Serbian writer, teacher in 1881-1883
* {{BGR}} [[Georgi Todorov (mayor of Plovdiv)|Georgi Todorov]] governor during World War I
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Srbija: zemlja i stanovništvo od rimskog doba do kraja XIX veka, Volume 2|first=Felix Philipp |last=Kanitz|authorlink=Felix Philipp Kanitz|edition=3|publisher=Srpska književna zadruga|year=1985|language=Serbian|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=twruT7KWNtGN4gSAi9HlDQ&hl=en&id=MrlBAAAAYAAJ}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{refbegin|2}}
* [http://www.pirot.rs Pirot] Official web site of municipality of Pirot (government)
* [http://www.pirot.org Pirot.org] Independent web portal & forum about municipality of Pirot
* [http://www.tvpirot.rs TV Pirot] Local television station
* [http://www.pirotskenovine.rs Pirotske novine] Local newspapers
{{refend}}
 
{{Municipalities of Serbia}}
{{commons category|Pirot}}
 
[[Category:Populated places in Pirot District]]
[[Category:Municipalities and cities of Southern and Eastern Serbia]]
 
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