Wikipedija

Kolostrum: razlika između inačica

Pregledaj povijest
← Starija izmjenaNovija izmjena →
Izbrisani sadržaj Dodani sadržaj
VizualnoWikitekst
mNema sažetka uređivanja
Nema sažetka uređivanja
Redak 1:
{{radovi24}}
[[Datoteka:Colostrum vs breastmilk.jpg|thumb|Na lijevoj slici nalazi se kolostrum izlučen četiri dana nakon porođaja, a na desnoj slici se nalazi mlijeko izlučeno osam dana nakon porođaja]]
'''Kolostrum''' (poznat i kao '''prvo mlijeko''') je oblik [[mlijeko|mlijeka]] kojeg stvaraju [[mliječne žlijezde]] sisavaca u kasnoj [[trudnoća|trudnoći]]. Kod ženki većine vrsta kolostrum se stvara neposredno prije porođaja. Sadrži veću količinu bjelančevina nego obično mlijeko<ref>{{cite journal |author=L. Saint, Margret Smith, P. E. Hartmann|title=The yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=52 |page=91| year=1984| url=http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=852540}}</ref>. Također, sadrži [[protutijela]] koja štite novorođenče od bolesti.
Line 6 ⟶ 5:
Kolostrum ima blag [[laksativi|laksativni]] učinak, pa pomaže novorođenčetu da ima česte stolice. Tako se iz tijela izbacuje višak žutog pigmenta [[bilirubin]]a, proizvoda razgradnje eritrocita s fetalnim hemoglobinom, te se tako sprječava [[žutica]]. Kolostrum sadrži velik broj imunosnih stanica (npr. [[limfociti]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1792611/ |title=Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk |editor=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=1 november 1990 |accessdate=1 december 2012}}</ref> i [[antitijela]] poput [[IgA]], [[IgG]] i [[IgM]], koji su neke od glavnih sastavnica imunološkog sustava. Tu su i druge komponente imunološkog sustava, kao što su [[laktoferin]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Groves, ML |title=The isolation of a red protein from milk |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=82 |pages=3345–3360 |year=1960 |doi=10.1021/ja01498a029 |issue=13}}</ref> [[lizozim]],<ref name="pmid3918380">{{cite journal |author=Paulík S, Slanina L, Polácek M |title=[Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows] |language=Slovak |journal=Vet Med (Praha) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=21–8 |date=January 1985 |pmid=3918380 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[laktoperoksidaza]],<ref name="pmid225143">{{cite journal |author=Reiter B |title=The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide antibacterium system |journal=Ciba Found. Symp. |volume= |issue=65 |pages=285–94 |year=1978 |pmid=225143 |doi= |url=}}</ref> i razne bjelančevine. U kolostrumu su i citokini (kemijske tvari koje omogućuju komunikaciju između stanica),<ref name="Hagiwara2000">{{cite journal |author=Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, Iwai H |title=Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum |journal=Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. |volume=76 |issue=3–4 |pages=183–90 |date=October 2000 |pmid=11044552 |doi= 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00213-0|url=}}</ref> uključujući interleukine,<ref name="Hagiwara2000"/> tumor nekrozni faktor,<ref name="pmid1375729">{{cite journal |author=Rudloff HE, Schmalstieg FC, Mushtaha AA, Palkowetz KH, Liu SK, Goldman AS |title=Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1375729 |doi= 10.1203/00006450-199201000-00005|url=}}</ref> kemokine,<ref name="pmid14581003">{{cite journal |author=Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA |title=ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk |journal=Cytokine |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=91–102 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14581003 |doi= 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.002|url=}}</ref> i druge.
 
Kolostrum je bogat [[bjelančevina]]ma, [[vitamin A|vitaminom A]], [[magnezij]]em i [[natrijev klorid|natrijevim kloridom]], ali je siromašniji [[ugljikohidrati]]ma, [[masti]]ma, [[glukoza|glukozom]] i [[kalij]]em od zrelog mlijeka. SadržiTakođer isadrži [[vitamin E]], mliječni šećer [[Laktoza|laktozu]] i pigment [[β-karoten]] koji mu daje žutu boju. Zbog velike količine bjelančevina jako je gust. Najvažnije bioaktivne sastavnice su faktori rasta i antimikrobni faktori. Antitijela u kolostrumu su nositelji pasivne imunosti, dok faktori rasta potiču rast crijeva.
 
Izlučuje se u vrlo malim količinama, 2-20 ml (pola do četiri čajne žličice) po podoju, prilagođeno djetetovu kapacitetu probavnog sustava. Prosječna dnevna doza oko 100 ml. Nakon nekoliko dana, izgled i količina mlijeka se mijenjaju te se izlučuje prijelazno mlijeko. Prijelazno mlijeko je svjetlije boje se, izlučuje u većim količinama i sadrži više masti nego kolostrum. Pretvorba prijelaznog u zrelo mlijeko traje 7-14 dana. Zrelo mlijeko je bjelje boje i ima oko 88% vode<ref>http://www.lowmilksupply.org/overview.shtml</ref>. Sadrži mnogo korisnih tvari, ali manje nego kolostrum. Energetska vrijednost kolostruma je 67 kcal/dl, dok je energetska vrijednost zrelog mlijeka 72 kcal/dl<ref>https://www.inkling.com/read/essential-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-symonds-arulkumaran-5th/chapter-13/the-importance-of-breastfeeding</ref>.
 
== Kolostrum kod životinja ==
Kolostrum je od presudne važnosti za novorođene životinje zato što one ne primaju nikakva antitijela preko [[posteljica|posteljice]]. Kolostrum varira u količini i kvaliteti. U mliječnoj industriji kvaliteta kolostruma mjeri se količinom [[imunoglobulin G|imunoglobulina G]] po litru. ItNovorođeno istele recommendedmora thatdnevno newbornkonzumirati calves receive at least 4 quartslitre, (liters)s oftim colostrumda withsvaki eachkolostrum containingmora atsadržavati leastbarem 50 IgG/literl. TestingKoličina ofimunoglobulina colostralG qualitymože canse bemjeriti donerazličitim byuređajima, multitudekao ofšto devicessu includingkolostrometar, colostrometeroptički refraktometar i digitalni refraktometar. Kod uzgoja većine muznih [[krava]], opticaltele se odvaja od majke odmah nakon rođenja i hrani refractometerse orkolostrumom digitaliz refractometerbočice.
 
Livestock breeders commonly bank colostrum from their animals. Colostrum can be stored frozen but it does lose some of its inherent quality. Colostrum produced on a breeder's own premises is considered to be superior to colostrum from other sources, because it is produced by animals already exposed to (and, thus, making antibodies to) pathogens occurring on the premises. A German study reported that [[multiparous]] [[mares]] produced on average a liter (quart) of colostrum containing 70&nbsp;grams of IgG.<ref name="pmid18277781">{{cite journal
| author = Venner M, Markus RG, Strutzberg-Minder K, Nogai K, Beyerbach M, Klug E
| title = [Evaluation of immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum of mares by ELISA, refractometry and colostrometry]
| language = Germanfbf
| journal = Berliner Und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift
| volume = 121
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 66–72
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18277781
| doi =
| url =
}}</ref>
 
In most [[dairy cow]] herds, the calves are removed from their mothers soon after birth and fed colostrum from a bottle.
 
==Human consumption of bovine colostrum==
[[File:Colostrum cakes.JPG|thumb|300px|Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem, [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
[[File:Molozyvo.jpg|thumb|''Molozyvo'' – a traditional dish of [[Ukrainian cuisine]]. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum.]]
Assertions that colostrum consumption is of adult human benefit are questionable because most components undergo digestion in the mature stomach, including antibodies and all other proteins.
Bovine colostrum and its components are safe for human consumption, except in the context of intolerance or allergy to lactose or other components. Despite evidence that most components are not absorbed intact, proponents claim colostrum is useful in the treatment or prevention of a variety of illnesses.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00373-1 |title=Colostrum and its benefits: a review |year=2002 |last1=Uruakpa |first1=F |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=22 |page=755 |issue=6 |last2=Ismond |first2=M.A.H |last3=Akobundu |first3=E.N.T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Playford | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Floyd | first2 = DN. | last3 = Macdonald | first3 = CE. | last4 = Calnan | first4 = DP. | last5 = Adenekan | first5 = RO. | last6 = Johnson | first6 = W. | last7 = Goodlad | first7 = RA. | last8 = Marchbank | first8 = T. | title = Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage | journal = Gut | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 653–8 |date=May 1999 | pmid = 10205201 | pmc = 1727496 | doi = 10.1136/gut.44.5.653}}</ref><ref name="Carver-1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carver | first1 = JD. | last2 = Barness | first2 = LA. | title = Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract | journal = Clin Perinatol | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–85 |date=Jun 1996 | pmid = 8780905 }}</ref>
 
Bovine colostrum from pasture-fed cows contains [[immunoglobulins]] specific to many human pathogens, including ''Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,''<ref name="McConnell2001">{{Cite journal
| last1 = McConnell | first1 = M. A.
| last2 = Buchan | first2 = G.
| last3 = Borissenko | first3 = M. V.
| last4 = Brooks | first4 = H. J. L.
| title = A comparison of IgG and IgG1 activity in an early milk concentrate from non-immunised cows and a milk from hyperimmunised animals
| doi = 10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00163-0
| journal = Food Research International
| volume = 34
| issue = 2–3
| pages = 255–261
| year = 2001
}}</ref> and [[rotavirus]] (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight infections. In fact, when [[Albert Sabin]] made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = SABIN | first1 = AB. | title = Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk of human beings and certain cows | journal = AMA Am J Dis Child | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 866–7 |date=Nov 1950 | doi = | pmid = 14777169 }}</ref> When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pallasch | first1 = TJ. | title = Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise | journal = Dent Clin North Am | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 665–79 |date=Oct 2003 | pmid = 14664458 | doi = 10.1016/S0011-8532(03)00037-5 }}</ref>
 
Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance<ref name=pmid12500989>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hofman | first1 = Z. | last2 = Smeets | first2 = R. | last3 = Verlaan | first3 = G. | last4 = Lugt | first4 = R. | last5 = Verstappen | first5 = PA. | title = The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players | journal = Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 461–9 |date=Dec 2002 | doi = | pmid = 12500989 }}</ref> decrease recovery time,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Buckley | first1 = JD. | last2 = Abbott | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Brinkworth | first3 = GD. | last4 = Whyte | first4 = PB. | title = Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance | journal = J Sci Med Sport | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–79 |date=Jun 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1440-2440(02)80028-7| pmid = 12188088 }}</ref> and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.<ref>Ray Playford et al. (2011). The nutriceutical, bovine colostrum, truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes. ''American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology'', (March 2011).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berk | first1 = LS. | last2 = Nieman | first2 = DC. | last3 = Youngberg | first3 = WS. | last4 = Arabatzis | first4 = K. | last5 = Simpson-Westerberg | first5 = M. | last6 = Lee | first6 = JW. | last7 = Tan | first7 = SA. | last8 = Eby | first8 = WC. | title = The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners | journal = Med Sci Sports Exerc | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–12 |date=Apr 1990 | doi = | pmid = 2355818 }}</ref> Thus, supplementation with bovine colostrum (20 g/d) in combination with exercise training for 8 wk may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women.<ref name=pmid12500989/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Antonio | first1 = J. | last2 = Sanders | first2 = MS. | last3 = Van Gammeren | first3 = D. | title = The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women | journal = Nutrition | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–7 |date=Mar 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00552-9| pmid = 11312068 }}</ref>
 
Low [[IGF-1]] levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Arai | first1 = Y. | last2 = Hirose | first2 = N. | last3 = Yamamura | first3 = K. | last4 = Shimizu | first4 = K. | last5 = Takayama | first5 = M. | last6 = Ebihara | first6 = Y. | last7 = Osono | first7 = Y. | title = Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in centenarians: implications of IGF-1 as a rapid turnover protein | journal = J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = M79–82 |date=Feb 2001 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/56.2.M79| pmid = 11213280 }}</ref> People with eating disorders also have low levels of IGF-1 due to malnutrition,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Caregaro | first1 = L. | last2 = Favaro | first2 = A. | last3 = Santonastaso | first3 = P. | last4 = Alberino | first4 = F. | last5 = Di Pascoli | first5 = L. | last6 = Nardi | first6 = M. | last7 = Favaro | first7 = S. | last8 = Gatta | first8 = A. | title = Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders | journal = Clin Nutr | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–7 |date=Jun 2001 | doi = 10.1054/clnu.2001.0397 | pmid = 11407872 }}</ref> as do obese individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rasmussen | first1 = MH. | last2 = Frystyk | first2 = J. | last3 = Andersen | first3 = T. | last4 = Breum | first4 = L. | last5 = Christiansen | first5 = JS. | last6 = Hilsted | first6 = J. | title = The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone | journal = Metabolism | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–9 |date=Mar 1994 | doi = 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90099-X| pmid = 7511202 }}</ref> Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, it does stimulate the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mero | first1 = A. | last2 = Kähkönen | first2 = J. | last3 = Nykänen | first3 = T. | last4 = Parviainen | first4 = T. | last5 = Jokinen | first5 = I. | last6 = Takala | first6 = T. | last7 = Nikula | first7 = T. | last8 = Rasi | first8 = S. | last9 = Leppäluoto | first9 = J. |displayauthors = 3| title = IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training | journal = J Appl Physiol | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 732–9 |date=Aug 2002 | doi = 10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2002 | pmid = 12133885 |url=http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/93/2/732 | doi_brokendate = 2009-11-22 }}</ref>
 
Colostrum also has [[antioxidant]] components, such as [[lactoferrin]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wakabayashi | first1 = H. | last2 = Matsumoto | first2 = H. | last3 = Hashimoto | first3 = K. | last4 = Teraguchi | first4 = S. | last5 = Takase | first5 = M. | last6 = Hayasawa | first6 = H. | title = Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives | journal = Biosci Biotechnol Biochem | volume = 63 | issue = 5 | pages = 955–7 |date=May 1999 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/63/5/955/_pdf |format=PDF | pmid = 10380640 | doi = 10.1271/bbb.63.955 }}</ref> and [[hemopexin]], which binds free heme in the body.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gutteridge | first1 = JM. | last2 = Smith | first2 = A. | title = Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation | journal = Biochem J | volume = 256 | issue = 3 | pages = 861–5 |date=Dec 1988 | pmid = 3223958 | pmc = 1135495 }}</ref>
 
===Hyperimmune colostrum===
Hyperimmune colostrum was an early attempt to boost the effectiveness of natural bovine colostrum by immunizing cows with a specific pathogen and then collecting the colostrum after the cow gave birth. This initially appeared very promising as antibodies did appear towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the original challenge. However, upon closer examination and comparison, it was found that IgG levels in natural colostrum towards 19 specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.<ref name="McConnell2001"/> However, [[travelan]], a drug used to prevent [[traveler's diarrhea]] is made using this method, and has been shown to prevent the disease in up to 90% of people.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/00365521.2011.574726
|title = Randomized control trials using a tablet formulation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum to prevent diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in volunteers
|publisher = Informa Healthcare, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011; Early Online, 1–7
|accessdate = 2011-05-23
}}</ref>
 
=== Proline-rich Polypeptides (PRP) ===
These small immune signaling peptides were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States,<ref name="pmid18139800">{{cite journal |author=Lawrence HS |title=The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin in man |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=516–22 |date=August 1949 |pmid=18139800 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and Poland.<ref name="pmid4442608">{{cite journal |author=Janusz M, Lisowski J, Franĕk F |title=Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=276–9 |date=December 1974 |pmid=4442608 |doi= 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80529-6|url=}}</ref> Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including [[Colostrinin]], CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized.<ref name="pmid18183932">{{cite journal |author=Zimecki M |title=A proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: colostrinin with immunomodulatory activity |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=606 |issue= |pages=241–50 |year=2008 |pmid=18183932 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_9 |url= |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-74086-7}}</ref> At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRP simply stimulates cell-mediated immunity.<ref name="pmid1080060">{{cite journal |author=Levin AS, Spitler LE, [[H. Hugh Fudenberg|Fudenberg HH]] |title=Transfer factor I: methods of therapy |journal=Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=445–8 |year=1975 |pmid=1080060 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
==References Izvori ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
== Vanjske poveznice ==
==External links==
*[http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/colostrum.html Maryland Cooperative Extension]
[[Kategorija:Tjelesne tekućine]]
Dobavljeno iz "https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum"