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Biskaja je identificirana u evidenciji iz srednjeg vijeka, kao ovisni teritorij kraljevstva Pamplone (XI st.). Koji je postao samostalan i konačno dio krune Kastilje. Prvi spomen imena Biskaje zabilježen je u donaciji samostanu Bickaga, koji se nalazi na RIA od Mundaka. Prema Antonu Erkoreki ,<ref> Anton Erkoreka, Los Vikingos en Euskal Herria, Bilbao, 1995</ref> [[Vikinzi]] su imali trgovačku bazu tamo odakle su protjerani 825 . godine .
U moderno doba, pokrajina postala veliki trgovački i industrijski prostor. Njegova glavna luka [[Bilbao]] uskoro je postala glavna Kastiljska vrata prema Europi. Kasnije, u 19. i 20. stoljeću, obilje rude željeza visoke kvalitete i nedostatak [[Feudalizam|feudalnih]] kasta ubrzali su industrijalizaciju.
===Paleolitik===
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Middle Paleolithic
The first evidence of human dwellings (Neanderthal people) in Biscay happens in this period of prehistory. Mousterian artifacts have been found in three sites in Biscay: Benta Laperra (Karrantza), Kurtzia (Getxo) and Murua (Durangoaldea).
Late Paleolithic
Entrance of Santimamiñe cave, in Busturialdea.
Chatelperronian culture (normally associated with Neanderthals as well) can be found in Santimamiñe cave (Kortezubi).
The most important settlements by modern humans (H. sapiens) can be considered the following:
Aurignacian culture: Benta Laperra, Kurztia, and Lumentxa (Lekeitio)
Gravettian culture: Santimamiñe, Bolinkoba (Durangoaldea) and Atxurra (Markina)
Solutrean culture: Santimamiñe and Bolinkoba
Magdalenian culture: Santimamiñe and Lumentxa
Paleolithic art is also present. The Benta Laperra cave has the oldest paintings, maybe from the Aurignacian or Solutrean period. Bison and bear are the animals depicted, together with abstract signs. The murals of Arenaza (Sodupe) and Santimamiñe were created in later periods (Magdalenian). In Arenaza female deer are the dominant motif; Santimamiñe features bison, horses, goats and deer.
Epi-paleolithic
This period (also called Mesolithic sometimes) is dominated in Biscay by the Azilian culture. Tools become smaller and more refined and, while hunting remains, fishing and seafood gathering become more important; there is evidence of consumption of wild fruits as well. Santimamiñe is one of the most important sites of this period. Others are Arenaza, Atxeta (not far from Santimamiñe), Lumentxa and nearby Urtiaga and Santa Catalina, together with Bolinkoba and neighbour Silibranka.
Srednji paleolitik
Prvi dokazi o ljudskim stanova ( neandertalci ljudi) u Biskajski se događa u tom razdoblju od prapovijesti . Musterijensko artefakti pronađeni su u tri mjesta u Biskajski : Benta Laperra ( Karrantza ) , Kurtzia ( Getxo ) i Murua ( Durangoaldea ) .
kasnog paleolitika
Ulazak Santimamiñe špilji , u Busturialdea .
Chatelperronian kultura ( obično povezuje s neandertalcima te) može se naći u Santimamiñe špilji ( Kortezubi ) .
Najvažnije naselja po modernih ljudi ( Homo sapiens ) može se smatratisljedeće:
Orinjasijenu kultura : Benta Laperra , Kurztia i Lumentxa ( Lekeitio )
Gravetijen kultura : Santimamiñe , Bolinkoba ( Durangoaldea ) i Atxurra ( Markina )
Solutrean kultura : Santimamiñe i Bolinkoba
Magdalenijena kultura : Santimamiñe i Lumentxa
Paleolitski umjetnost je također prisutan . Benta Laperra Špilja ima najstarije slike, možda iz orinjasijena ili Solutrean razdoblju . Bizon i medvjed su životinje prikazane , zajedno s apstraktnim znakovima . Zidne slike iz Arenaza ( Sodupe ) i Santimamiñe nastale su u kasnijim razdobljima ( magdalenijena ) . U Arenaza ženska jelena sudominantni motiv ; Santimamiñe ima bizone, konje , koze i jelene .
Epi - paleolitski
To razdoblje ( nazivaju mezolitsko ponekad ) dominiraju u Biskajski strane Azilian kulture . Alati postaju manji i precizniji i , dok je lov ostaje , ribarstvo i riblji okupljanje postalo važnije ; postoje dokazi o potrošnji divljeg voća , kao dobro. Santimamiñe je jedno od najvažnijih mjesta u tom razdoblju . Drugi su Arenaza , Atxeta ( nedaleko od Santimamiñe ) , Lumentxa au blizini Urtiaga i Santa Catalina , zajedno s Bolinkoba i susjeda Silibranka .
Neolithic
While the first evidences of Neolithic contact in the Basque Country can be dated to the 4th millennium BCE, it was not until the beginning of the 3rd that the area accepted, gradually and without radical changes, the advances of agricultural cultivation and domestication of sheep. Biscay was not particularly affected by this change and only three sites can be mentioned for this period: Arenaza, Santimamiñe and Kobeaga (Ea) and the advances adopted seem limited initially to sheep, domestic goats and very scarce pottery.
Together with Neolithic technologies, Megalithism also arrives. It will be the most common form of burial (simple dolmen) until c. 1500 BCE.
Chalcolithic and Bronze Age
While open-air settlement started to become common as the population grew, they still used caves and natural shelters in Biscay in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Hunting game became a less important source of protein, as the people relied on sheep, goats and some bovine cattle. Metallic tools become more common but stone-made ones are also used.
Pottery types shows great continuity (not decorated) until the bell beaker makes its appearance.
The sites of this period now cover all the territory of Biscay, many being open air settlements, but the most important caves of the Paleolithic are still in use as well.
Iron Age
Few sites have been identified for this period. Caves are abandoned for the most part but they still reveal some remains. The main caves of prehistory (Arenaza, Santimamiñe, Lumentxa) were still inhabited.
neolitski
Dok su prvi dokazi neolitika kontakta u Baskiji se može datirati u 4. tisućljeća prije Krista , to nije bilo sve do početka 3. dapovršina prihvaćen , postupno i bez radikalnih promjena , napredak poljoprivrednog uzgoja i pripitomljavanja ovaca . Biscay nije bio osobito pogođeni ovim promjenama , a samo tri stranice mogu se spominju u ovom razdoblju : Arenaza , Santimamiñe i Kobeaga ( Ea ) i napredak usvojeni čini ograničen u početku ovaca , koza domaćih i vrlo oskudnom keramike .
Zajedno s neolitskih tehnologijama , Megalithism također stigne . To će bitinajčešći oblik ukopa ( jednostavna dolmena ) do c . 1500 pne .
Chalcolithic i brončanog doba
Dok otvorenom naselje počeo postati čest kaostanovnika rastao , oni i dalje koriste špilje i prirodna skloništa u Biskajski u Chalcolithic i brončanog doba . Lov Igra postajemanje važan izvor proteina , kao što su se ljudi oslanjali na ovce, koze i goveda nekim goveda . Metalni alati postaju sve češće , ali one zidanog također koriste .
Keramičke vrste pokazuje veliku kontinuitet ( ne ukrašenu ) dokzvono čaša čini njegov izgled .
Nalazišta ovog razdoblja sada pokrivaju cijelo područje Biskajski , mnoge biće otvorenim naseljima , ali najvažnije pećine paleolitika su još uvijek u uporabi , kao dobro.
željezno doba
Malo je mjesta su identificirani u ovom razdoblju . Pećine su napušteni za najveći dio , ali oni još uvijek imaju neke ostatke . Glavni pećine prapovijesti ( Arenaza , Santimamiñe , Lumentxa ) i dalje su naseljeni .
===Rimsko razdoblje===
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Roman geographers identified two tribes in the territory now known as Biscay: the Caristii and Autrigones. The Caristii dwelt in nuclear Biscay, east of the firth of Bilbao, extending also into Northern Araba and some areas of Gipuzkoa, up to the river Deba. The Autrigones dwelt in the westernmost part of Biscay and Araba, extending also into the provinces of Cantabria, Burgos and La Rioja. Based in toponymy, historical and archaeological evidence, it is thought that these tribes spoke the Basque language.[4] The borders of the Biscayan dialect of Basque seem to be those of the Caristian territory, with an exception of the areas that have lost the old language.
There is no indication to resistance to Roman occupation in all the Basque area (excepting Aquitaine) until the late feudalizing period. Roman sources mention several towns in the area, Flaviobriga and Portus Amanus, though they have not been located. The site of Forua, near Gernika, has yielded archaeological evidence of Roman presence [3].
In the late Roman period, together with the rest of the Basque Country, Biscay seems to have revolted against Roman domination and the growing society organized by feudalism.
Rimski geografi identificirana dva plemena u području sada poznat kao Biskajski :Caristii i Autrigones . Caristii nastani u nuklearnoj Biskajski , istočno od Firth of Bilbao , koji se proteže i na sjevernoj Araba i nekim područjima Gipuzkoa , do rijeke Deba . Autrigones nastanila se u najzapadnijem dijelu Biskajski i Araba , koja se širi i na područja Cantabria , Burgos i La Rioja . Sa sjedištem u toponimiji , povijesne i arheološke dokaze , on je mislio da je ova plemena govorila baskijski jezik . [ 4 ] Granice Biscayan dijalektu baskijski Čini se da su one od Caristian teritoriju, uz iznimku područja koji su izgubili stari jezik .
Nema naznaka da se otpornost na rimske okupacije u svim baskijskom području (osim Aquitaine ) do kasnog feudalizing razdoblju . Rimski izvori spominju nekoliko gradova u tom području , Flaviobriga i Portus Amanus , iako oni nisu bili nalazi . Mjesto Forua , u blizini Gernika , donijelo je arheološki dokazi rimske prisutnosti [ 3 ] .
U kasnom rimskom razdoblju , zajedno s ostatkom Baskiji , Biscay čini se da su se pobunili protiv rimske dominacije i rastućem društvu organizaciji feudalizma.
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=== Srednji vijek ===
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In the Early Middle Ages, the history of Biscay cannot be separated from that of the Basque Country as a whole. The area was de facto independent although Visigoths and Franks attempted to assert their domination from time to time. Encounters between the Visigoths and Basques usually led to defeat for the latter. The Visigoths established an outlying post at the later city of Vitoria to counter incursions and the migration of Basques from the coastal regions to the north.
In 905, Leonese chronicles define for the first time the Kingdom of Pamplona as including all the western Basque provinces, as well as the Rioja region. The territories that would later constitute Biscay were included in that state.
Monument to Lope García de Salazar (1399-1476), opposite one of his tower houses, in Portugalete.
In the conflicts that the newly sovereign Kingdom of Castile and Pamplona/Navarre had in the 11th and 12th century, the Castilians were supported by many landowners from La Rioja, who sought to consolidate their holdings under Castilian feudal law. These pro-Castilian lords were led by the house of Haro, who were eventually granted the rule of newly created Biscay, initially made up of the valleys of Uribe, Busturia, Markina, Zornotza and Arratia, plus several towns and the city of Urduina. It is unclear when this happened, but tradition says that Iñigo López was the first Lord of Biscay in 1043.[citation needed]
The region soon reverted to Navarre, remaining so until the Castilian invasion of 1199-1200.
The title to the lordship was inherited by Iñigo López's descendants until, by inheritance, in 1370 it passed to John I of Castile. It became one of the titles of the king of Castile. Since then it remained connected to the crown, first to that of Castile and then, from Carlos I, to that of Spain. It was conditioned on the lord swearing to defend and maintain the fuero (Biscayan laws, derived from Navarrese and Basque customary rights), which affirmed that the possessors of the sovereignty of the lordship were the Biscayans and that, at least in theory, they could refute the lord.
The lords and later the kings, came to swear the Statutes to the oak of Gernika, where the assembly of the Lordship sits.
U ranom srednjem vijeku ,povijest Biskajski se ne može odvojiti od one u Baskiji u cjelini . Područje je de facto samostalna iako Vizigoti i Franci pokušao nametnuti svoju dominaciju , s vremena na vrijeme . Susreti između Vizigota i Baski obično su doveli do poraza za potonje. Vizigota uspostavila Uskršnji post na kasniju gradu Vitoria suprotstaviti upade i migraciju Baski iz obalnih područja na sjeveru .
U 905 , Leonese kronike definirati po prvi putKraljevine Pamploni što uključuje svim zapadnim Baskiji , kao i Rioja regiji . Područja koja će kasnije čine Biskajski su bili uključeni u to stanje .
Spomenik Lope García de Salazar (1399-1476) , nasuprot jednom od svojih kula kuća , u Portugalete .
U sukobima koji sunedavno suverena Kraljevine Kastilje i Pamplona / Navarra imali u 11. i 12. stoljeću, Castilians su podržali mnogi zemljoposjednici iz La Rioja , koji je tražio da konsolidiraju svoje udjele u kastiljanski feudalnom zakonu . Ovi pro - kastiljanski gospodari su bili na čelu kuće Haro , koji su na kraju odobrenog vladavine novonastale Biskajski , najprije se sastoji od dolinama Uribe , Busturia , Markina , Zornotza i Arratia , plus nekoliko gradova i grada Urduina . Nejasno je kada se to dogodilo , ali predaja kaže da Iñigo López jeprvi Lord Biskajski u 1043 . [Uredi ]
Regija ubrzo vratio Navarra , ostajući tako sve do kastiljanski invazije 1199-1200 .
Naslov na gospodstvu nasljeđuje Iñigo Lopez potomaka do , nasljeđivanjem , u 1370 je prošao John I. Kastilje . To je postao jedan od naslova kralja Kastilje . Od tada je ostao povezan s krunom , prvo s onom Kastilje , a potom , od Carlos I. , onoj u Španjolskoj . To je uvjetovano Gospodin psovanje braniti i održavati fuero ( Biscayan zakone, proizlazi iz Navarrese i baskijski običajnih prava ) , kojom se potvrđuje da su posjednici suverenosti gospodstvu su Biscayans i da je , barem u teoriji , što su mogli opovrgnuti gospodara .
Gospodari a kasnije i kraljevi , došao zakleti Statute do hrasta Gernika , gdjeskupština gospodstvo sjeda.
=== Suvremeno doba ===
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In the modern ages commerce on took great importance, specially for the Port of Bilbao, to which the kings granted privileges in 1511 for trade with the ports of the Spanish Empire. Bilbao was already the main Castilian harbour, from where wool was shipped to Flanders, and other goods were imported.
In 1628, the separate territory of Durango was incorporated to Biscay. In the same century the so-called chartered municipalities west of Biscay were also incorporated in different dates, becoming another subdivision of Biscay: Encartaciones (Enkarterriak).
House where Carlist General Tomás de Zumalacárregui was hurt, and the Basilica of Begoña in 1846, after the Siege of Bilbao.
The coastal towns had a sizable fleet of their own, mostly dedicated to fishing and trade. Along with other Basque towns of Gipuzkoa and Labourd, they were largely responsible for the partial extinction of North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Biscay and of the first unstable settlement by Europeans in Newfoundland. They signed separate treaties with other powers, particularly England.[citation needed]
After the Napoleonic wars, Biscay, along with the other Basque provinces, were threatened to have their self-rule cut by the now Liberal Spanish Cortes. Together with opposing factions that supported different parties for the throne, this desire to maintain foral rights contributed to the successive Carlist Wars. The Biscayan government and other Basque provinces supported Carlos V, who represented an autocratic monarch who would preserve tradition.
Many of the towns though, notably Bilbao, were aligned with the Liberal government of Madrid. In the end, with victory by anti-Carlists, the wars resulted in successive cuts of the wide autonomy of Biscay and the other provinces.
In the 1850s extensive prime quality iron resources were discovered in Biscay. This brought much foreign investment mainly from England and France. Development of these resources led to greater industrialization, which made Biscay one of Spain's richest provinces. Together with the industrialisation, important bourgeois families, such as Ybarra, Chávarri and Lezama-Leguizamón, developed from the new sources of wealth. The great industrial (Iberdrola, Altos Hornos de Vizcaya) and financial (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria- BBVA) groups were created.
U suvremeno doba trgovine na uzeo veliku važnost , posebno za Luku Bilbao , na kojoj su kraljevi odobriti povlastice u 1511 za trgovinu s lukama španjolskog carstva . Bilbao je već bioglavni Kastiljanski luka , odakle vuna se dostavljaju u Flandriji , a druga roba uvezena .
U 1628 ,zasebni teritorij Durango je registriran na Biskajski . U istom stoljeću takozvani iznajmljuje općine zapadno Biskajski također su uključene u različite datume , postaju još jedna podjela Biskajski : Encartaciones ( Enkarterriak ) .
Kuća u kojoj je ozlijeđen popis automobila General Tomás de Zumalacárregui , ibazilika Begoña 1846 , nakon opsade Bilbao .
Obalni gradovi imali poveliki flotu vlastitu , uglavnom posvećen ribolovu i trgovine . Zajedno s drugim baskijskih gradova Gipuzkoa i Labourd , oni su u velikoj mjeri odgovoran za djelomično izumiranje sjevernog Atlantika pravo kitova u Biskajski zaljev i prve nestabilne naseljavanja Europljana u Newfoundlandu . Oni su potpisali zasebne ugovore s drugim silama , osobito u Engleskoj . [ Uredi]
Nakon Napoleonskih ratova , Biscay , zajedno s drugim Baskiji , su zaprijetili da će imati svoje samouprave smanjiti za sada Liberalne španjolski Cortes . Zajedno s suprotstavljene stranke koje podržava različite stranke za prijestolje , ta želja da se zadrži foral prava pridonio uzastopnih popis automobila ratova . Biscayan Vlada i ostali Baskiji podržan Carlos V , koji je zastupao autokratskog monarha koji će očuvati tradiciju .
Mnogi od gradova ipak, prije svega Bilbao , usklađen je s liberalnom vladom u Madridu . Na kraju , s pobjedom anti- Carlists , ratovi rezultiralo uzastopnih rezova u širokom autonomijom Biskajski i drugim pokrajinama .
U 1850 opsežna premijera kvalitete željeza resursi su bili otkriveni u Biskajski . To donio mnogo stranih ulaganja , uglavnom iz Engleske i Francuske . Razvoj tih resursa dovelo do veće industrijalizacije , koji je napravio Biscay jednu od Španjolske najbogatijih pokrajina . Zajedno s industrijalizacijom , važne građanske obitelji, kao što su Ybarra , Chávarri i Lezama - Leguizamón , razvio iz novih izvora bogatstva . Velika industrijska ( Iberdrola , Altos Hornos de Vizcaya ) i financijski ( Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria - BBVA ) grupe su stvorili .
=== Dvadeseto stoljeće ===
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During the Second Spanish Republic, the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) governed the province. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Biscay supported the Republican side against the army of Francisco Franco, of fascist ideology.
Soon after, the Republic acknowledged a statute of autonomy for the Basque Country. Due to fascist control of large parts of it, the first short-lived Basque Autonomous Community had power only over Biscay and a few nearby villages.
As the fascist army advanced westward from Navarre, defenses were planned and erected around Bilbao, called the Iron Belt. But the engineer in charge, José Goicoechea, defected to the fascists, causing the unfinished defenses to be of little value. In 1937, German airplanes under Franco's control destroyed the historic city of Gernika, not before having bombed Durango with some less severity few weeks before. Some months later, Bilbao fell to the fascists. The Basque army (Eusko Gudarostea) retreated to Santoña, beyond the limits of Biscay. There they surrendered to the Italian forces (Santoña Agreement), but the Italians yielded to Franco. Other Republican forces considered the surrender a betrayal by the Basques.
Under the dictatorship of Franco, Biscay and Gipuzkoa (exclusively) were declared "traitor provinces" because of their opposition and stripped of any sort of self-rule.
Only after Franco's death in 1975, democracy was restored in Spain. The 1978 constitution, accepted the particular Basque laws (fueros) In 1979 the Statute of Guernica was approved and Biscay, Araba and Gipuzkoa formed the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country has its own parliament.
During this recent democratic period, the Basque Nationalist Party candidates have consistently won the elections in Biscay. Recently the foral law was amended to extend it to the towns and the city of Urduina, that had always used the general Spanish Civil law.
U suvremeno doba trgovine na uzeo veliku važnost , posebno za Luku Bilbao , na kojoj su kraljevi odobriti povlastice u 1511 za trgovinu s lukama španjolskog carstva . Bilbao je već bioglavni Kastiljanski luka , odakle vuna se dostavljaju u Flandriji , a druga roba uvezena .
U 1628 ,zasebni teritorij Durango je registriran na Biskajski . U istom stoljeću takozvani iznajmljuje općine zapadno Biskajski također su uključene u različite datume , postaju još jedna podjela Biskajski : Encartaciones ( Enkarterriak ) .
Kuća u kojoj je ozlijeđen popis automobila General Tomás de Zumalacárregui , ibazilika Begoña 1846 , nakon opsade Bilbao .
Obalni gradovi imali poveliki flotu vlastitu , uglavnom posvećen ribolovu i trgovine . Zajedno s drugim baskijskih gradova Gipuzkoa i Labourd , oni su u velikoj mjeri odgovoran za djelomično izumiranje sjevernog Atlantika pravo kitova u Biskajski zaljev i prve nestabilne naseljavanja Europljana u Newfoundlandu . Oni su potpisali zasebne ugovore s drugim silama , osobito u Engleskoj . [ Uredi]
Nakon Napoleonskih ratova , Biscay , zajedno s drugim Baskiji , su zaprijetili da će imati svoje samouprave smanjiti za sada Liberalne španjolski Cortes . Zajedno s suprotstavljene stranke koje podržava različite stranke za prijestolje , ta želja da se zadrži foral prava pridonio uzastopnih popis automobila ratova . Biscayan Vlada i ostali Baskiji podržan Carlos V , koji je zastupao autokratskog monarha koji će očuvati tradiciju .
Mnogi od gradova ipak, prije svega Bilbao , usklađen je s liberalnom vladom u Madridu . Na kraju , s pobjedom anti- Carlists , ratovi rezultiralo uzastopnih rezova u širokom autonomijom Biskajski i drugim pokrajinama .
U 1850 opsežna premijera kvalitete željeza resursi su bili otkriveni u Biskajski . To donio mnogo stranih ulaganja , uglavnom iz Engleske i Francuske . Razvoj tih resursa dovelo do veće industrijalizacije , koji je napravio Biscay jednu od Španjolske najbogatijih pokrajina . Zajedno s industrijalizacijom , važne građanske obitelji, kao što su Ybarra , Chávarri i Lezama - Leguizamón , razvio iz novih izvora bogatstva . Velika industrijska ( Iberdrola , Altos Hornos de Vizcaya ) i financijski ( Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria - BBVA ) grupe su stvorili .
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==Zemljopis==
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